Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | But iodine deficiency makes animals (and presumably humans) susceptible to clinical problems caused by soy isoflavones interfering with thyroid peroxidase.667 A person who is already hypothyroid should probably be cautious about basing a diet on soy burgers, soy milk, soy hot dogs, soy shakes, and the like. And we are skeptical about the value of soy isoflavones in pill form for someone with an underactive thyroid. Dr. Arem suggests that those who are hypothyroid limit soy-based meals to no more than three per week.668
• • •
Q. / was diagnosed with hypothyroidism in 1992 and started on 0. | Brigitte Mars, A.H.G. See book keywords and concepts | Constituents
Calcium, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamin E, triterpene glycosides (acetin, cimicifugoside), phytoestrogens, isoflavones, isoferulic acid, essential oil, tannins, resin (cimicifugin), salicylates
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: bitter, pungent
• Temperature: cool
• Moisture: dry
• Polarity: yang
• Planet: Pluto
• Element: earth
BLADDER WRACK
Botanical Name
Fucus vesiculosus
Family
Fucaceae (Seaweed Family) Etymology
The genus name, Fucus, derives from the Greek phukos, "seaweed. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Metabolism of isoflavones is also linked to the health of colonic bacterial populations, and therefore the effects of diet and drugs on the colonic environment may influence plasma and urinary levels.
Dietary exposure to flavonoids and other polyphenols can be monitored by measuring parent compounds and metabolites in urine or plasma [16, 17]. Several compounds in cruciferous vegetables, such as sulforaphane and other isothiocyanates, have been of interest because of their potential chemopreventive effects. | Pam Montgomery See book keywords and concepts | Many plant constituents have a bitter taste: alkaloids, secondary metabolites, anthraquinones, which have laxative effects; cyanogenic glycosides, which have sedative and antispasmodic properties; flavonoids, which include rutin (part of the vitamin C complex) and flavones; and isoflavones, which have estrogenic-like properties.
The pungent or spicy taste is stimulating and warming, usually having some type of effect on the circulatory system. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Moreover, soy proteins with isoflavones do not appear to further benefit CVD risk reduction and therefore isoflavone supplement use is not recommended. In addition, soy protein also may be used to increase total dietary protein intake and to reduce carbohydrate and fat intake [180]. Soy products (e.g., tofu, soy butter, and soy nuts) may be beneficial to health because of their high unsaturated fat content, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and low content of saturated fat [180]. Further studies are required investigating the effect of high-protein diets on CVD risk factors. | David Winston, RH(AHG), and Steven Maimes See book keywords and concepts | Constituents: Astragalus contains immune-stimulating polysaccharides-astragalans I, II, and III and glucuronic acid as well as astragalosides I to VII, flavones, and isoflavones.
History/Ethnobotany
The herb's Chinese name, huang qi, means "yellow leader." It is called this because its quality roots are yellow and it is the "leader" of the tonic herbs. According to Shennong, astragalus treats festering sores by
Astragalus
(Chinese drawing, collection of David Winston) expelling pus and relieving pain. | It also contains isoflavones such as genistein, demulcent polysaccharides, and anti-inflammatory flavonoids.
History/Ethnobotany
Licorice has been used for a long time as a food and medicine in China and the Middle East. The ancient Greek botanist Theophrastus (third century BCE) in his classic Enquiry into Plants mentioned that the roots that grow in Scythia (in Asia Minor) are very sweet and are used for people with dry coughs and respiratory diseases.
Dioscorides (c. | Mike Adams, the Health Ranger See article keywords and concepts | Prostate cancer, for example, is just as sensitive to synthetic estrogen mimickers in foods and food packaging as breast cancer, and preventing prostate cancer is as straightforward as preventing breast cancer: Avoiding bisphenol-A in plastic packaging and water bottles, avoiding sodium nitrite in processed meat products, supplementing with zinc, green tea, lycopene, various isoflavones, etc.
Thanks to popular culture, the image of men eating healthy diets has been "sissified. | Patrick Holford See book keywords and concepts | Two placebo-controlled studies did not find this effect, at least at a level of statistical significance, but did find that the higher the excretion of isoflavones, the lower the incidence of hot flashes, suggesting that a high intake of isoflavones, from diet or supplements, is effective. Soy, tofu, and isoflavones have been shown to protect against cancer, unlike estrogen HRT. My advice is to eat some tofu regularly, meaning at least every other day. You probably need 50 grams a day for an effect. Again, don't expect immediate results. | Gabriel Cousens See book keywords and concepts | In the blood of infants tested, concentrations of isoflavones were 13,000 to 22,000 times higher than natural estrogen concentrations in early life.
Soy is a mineral-deficient food and, adding insult to injury, contains phytin, which chelates essential minerals such as iron, zinc, and magnesium out of the body before they can be absorbed.
In 2003, a study43 was done comparing the bodily IGF-1 increase promoted by 40 grams of soy (the amount in one soy candy bar and a soy shake, or four soy patties) versus 40 grams of milk protein. | This further encourages and enhances a diabetogenic reality. isoflavones decrease the good cholesterol (HDL), thus contributing to heart disease, the number one killer of diabetics.30,31
Soy may also be connected with Alzheimer's disease, now thought to be a complication of hyperglycemia and diabetes. In a major ongoing study involving 3,734 elderly Japanese American men, those who ate the most tofu during midlife had up to 2.4 times the risk of later developing Alzheimer's disease. | Patrick Holford See book keywords and concepts | Two placebo-controlled studies did not find this effect, at least at a level of statistical significance, but did find that the higher the excretion of isoflavones, the lower the incidence of hot flashes, suggesting that a high intake of isoflavones, from diet or supplements, is effective. Soy, tofu, and isoflavones have been shown to protect against cancer, unlike estrogen HRT. My advice is to eat some tofu regularly, meaning at least every other day. You probably need 50 grams a day for an effect. Again, don't expect immediate results. | Brigitte Mars, A.H.G. See book keywords and concepts | Constituents
Polysaccharides, isoflavones, alkaloids (baptitoxin), glycosides (baptin), oleoresin, coumarins
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: bitter, pungent
• Temperature: cool
• Moisture: dry
• Polarity: yin
• Planet: Saturn
• Element: earth
Contraindications
Large doses are emetic and can be purgative. The plant is not recommended for use during pregnancy, and it is not recommended for long-term use by anyone except under the supervision of a qualified health-care practitioner. | Elaine Magee See book keywords and concepts | But if my endorsement alone doesn't convince you, consider this: A group of Japanese researchers conducted a large study on Japanese women between ages 40 and 59, looking at soy, isoflavones (a plant estrogen found in soy), and breast cancer. After a decade of collecting data, the researchers found some magic in that miso!
First of all, for the women in the study, miso soup was a part of daily life. Seventy-five percent ate it almost every day, and most had two or more cups a day. | Erich Grotewold See book keywords and concepts | C, 1998, Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice, J Nutr, 128: 954-959.
Ko, C. H., Shen, S. C, Lee, T. J., and Chen, Y. C, 2005, Myricetin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein expression and enzyme activity in colorectal carcinoma cells, Mol Cancer Ther, 4: 281-290.
Koh, S. H., Kim, S. H., Kwon, H., Kim, J. G., Kim, J. H., Yang, K. H., Kim, J., Kim, S. U., Yu, H. J., Do, B. R., Kim, K. S., and Jung, H. K. | Brenda Davis and Tom Barnard See book keywords and concepts | The principle isoflavones in soy are genestein and daidzein. These isoflavones are powerful antioxidants and very effective inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase enzyme—a potent tumor promoter. Research suggests that isoflavones may provide protection against heart disease, certain forms of cancer, and osteoporosis. Some evidence also indicates that they may preserve cognitive function. While much press has been given to the potential for soy to ameliorate symptoms of menopause, results have been mixed. If it does provide benefit, it appears to be minimal. þflaxseeds. | Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S. See book keywords and concepts | There are more than 4,000 of these compounds, and they fall into many classes and subclasses including flavonoids, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. | Elaine Magee See book keywords and concepts | It's especially rich in natural plant estrogens (called isoflavones)—but some types of breast cancer are aggravated by high estrogen levels. The extra estrogen in soy may not be safe for women who've been treated for estrogen-positive breast cancer. On the other hand, soy may be helpful to some women trying to prevent breast cancer because when the body detects estrogen from the diet, it slows its own production of the hormone. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Effects of dietary intake of soy protein and isoflavones on cardiovascular disease risk factors in high risk, middle-aged men in Scotland. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 23(1), 85-91.
Stamler, J., et al. (1996). Inverse relation of dietary protein markers with blood pressure. Findings for 10,020 men and women in the INTERS ALT Study. Circulation 94,1629-1634. Elliott, P., et al. (1987). Diet, alcohol, body mass, and social factors in relation to blood pressure: the Caerphilly Heart Study. /. Epidemiol. Commun. Health 41, 37-43. Salonen, J., Tuomilehto, J., and Tanskanen, A. (1983). | Erich Grotewold See book keywords and concepts | Figure 8.1) (Ross and Kasum, 2002).
Flavonol Kaempferol Quercetin Qucrcetagetin Myricetin
Isoflavone BiocnaninA Daidzein Genistein Flavan
Naringenin Tarjfolin Fustin Nobiletm Tangeretm
Figure 8.1 Structure of select flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, isoflavones, and flavans.
They are widely distributed in foods and beverages of plant origin, such as fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa, and wine. Numerous publications report their content in various foods (Kelm et al., 2005; Schreier, 2005). | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Genistein, daidzein and their [j-glycoside conjugates: antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 1961-1967.
11. Franke, A. A., Custer, L. J., Cerna, C. M., and Narala, K. (1994). Quantitation of phytoestrogens in legumes by HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42, 1905-1913.
12. Karr, S. C, Lampe, J. W., Hutchins, A. M., and Slavin, J. L. (1997). Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose-dependent at low to moderate levels of soy protein consumption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 46-51.
13. Maskarinec, G., Franke, A. A., Williams, A. E., Hebshi, S. | Elaine Magee See book keywords and concepts | The researchers also found that women, especially postmenopausal women, with the most isoflavones in their diet had the lowest risk of breast cancer. Strangely, though, the researchers also found that eating soy foods in general did not seem to lower the risk of breast cancer.
Think beyond soy. | Genis-tein and daidzein are the isoflavones found in soy and soy products. Pairing soy with citrus sounds like a partnership that can't miss.
SMART FATS AND VITAMINS
You might be wondering, Are there actually fats that are smart* Smart fats, as I fondly refer to them, are dietary fats that offer health benefits without harming the body like the other "bad" fats (namely, saturated and trans fats).
In this book we'll focus on two smart fats in particular: omega-3 fatty acids and monounsaturated fats.
Monounsaturated fats lower LDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. | Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts | Other Names: Purple Clover, Trefoil, Wild Clover actions and pharmacology
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: including among others, benzyl alcohol, 2-phenyl ethanol, their formates and acetates, methyl salicylate, methyl anthranilate (likely only in the fresh blossoms)
Isoflavonoids: including among others, biochanin A
Coumarin derivatives
Cyanogenic glycosides: presumably lotaustralin, linamarin
EFFECTS
Arterial compliance, an important cardiovascular risk factor, was significantly improved in one small study of women given isoflavones from Red Clover extract. | Brigitte Mars, A.H.G. See book keywords and concepts | Constituents
Chlorophyll, betaine (a digestive enzyme), electrolytes, fiber, protein, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin K, folic acid, octacosanol, calcium, chromium, copper, phosphorous, manganese, iron, zinc, silicon, fluorine, electrolytes, isoflavones, coumarins, alkaloids (stachydrine), steroidal saponins (beta sitosterol, alpha spinasterol, and stigmasterol)
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: salty, bitter
• Temperature: cool
• Moisture: moist
• Polarity: yin
• Planet: Venus/Jupiter
• Element: earth
Contraindications
Alfalfa is considered very safe. | Marshall Editions See book keywords and concepts | Herbs: Take 400 mg of bromelain three times a day in between meals. Soy isoflavones, the components of soy with the strongest estrogenic properties, are available in capsule form from health food stores. A typical dose is 50-1 50 mg daily. | Red clover can be ingested as a tea (made from 1-2 g of herb and taken once to three times daily) or as an alcohol or glycerin tincture (30 drops taken three times a day), though the most effective preparation of red clover appears to be capsules of a semi-purified leaf extract where the standardization to the percentage of isoflavones is listed specifically on the bottle. For black cohosh, use extracts standardized to the triterpene glycoside compounds, usually dosed at 40 mg twice daily. | However, the most effective preparation of red clover appears to be capsules of a semi-purified leaf extract where the standardization to the percentage of isoflavones is listed specifically on the bottle. Some caution should be taken if you are also on medications that can thin the blood, and some people can react to red clover by developing a skin rash.
Horsetail: The presence of minerals like silica, potassium, and manganese has prompted people to consider the use of horsetail extract for osteoporosis treatment and prevention. | Bottom Line Health See book keywords and concepts | This puts far more soy isoflavones into the diet than other cultures typically consume—and these high amounts may not be healthful.
If you enjoy soy foods, limit your consumption to two servings per week, and eat them in their whole-food form—as tofu, tempeh, miso and edamame.
•Be wary of herbal remedies. I'm cautious about black cohosh, red clover and other plant remedies that have estrogen-like properties. Research has not demonstrated clearly that they help, and some can have harmful side effects if not properly monitored. | These seasonings contain very small amounts of phytoestrogens (plant-based estrogens, such as lignans and isoflavones, that occur naturally in certain foods) and can help restore hormone balance.
•Cut down on caffeine. Caffeine stimulates the adrenal glands, leading to a spike in blood sugar levels followed by a plunge in blood sugar to levels even lower than before. This stresses the body and aggravates menopausal woes.
If you don't want to give up coffee completely, have one cup a day with food. Don't use coffee as a stimulant between meals. Instead, eat frequent small meals for energy. |
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