Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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 Constituents
Calcium, chromium, magnesium, potassium, beta-carotene, quercetin, lignan (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), resins, essential oils, saponins
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: extremely bitter, salty
• Temperature: cool
• Moisture: dry
• Polarity: yin
• Planet: Saturn
• Element: earth
Contraindications
In 1992, two people using large doses of chaparral in capsule form developed nonviral hepatitis and three others developed other symptoms of liver toxicity. This led the American Herbal Products Association and the U.S. |
| Constituents
Polysaccharide (arabinogalactan), lignan, lari-ciresinol, liovil, secoisolariciresinol, resins (larinolic acid, laricinolic acid), volatile oils (pinene, limonene, phellandrene, borneol)
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: bitter
• Temperature: warm
• Moisture: dry
• Polarity: yang
• Planet: Mars/Saturn/Sun/Jupiter
• Element: air
LAVENDER
Botanical Name
Lavandula spp., including L. angustifolia (syn. L. officinalis, L. vera, L. spica), L. stoecbas (French lavender), L. |
Elaine Magee
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 Recent lab studies indicated that the combination of a specific lignan known as SDG and the omega-3-rich oil in flaxseed was more effective in reducing the spread of established tumors than either was alone. SDG and its metabolites (enterodiol and entero-lactone) have known antioxidant activity that benefits the body. According to Pennsylvania Hospital (Philadelphia) medical director Paul Kinniry, MD, who just published the results of an animal study with flaxseed boosting lung health, SDG may inhibit the lipid peroxidation process, which helps reduce oxidative stress on the body. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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 COMPOUNDS: CARDUI MARIAE FRUCTUS
Silymarin (flavonal lignan mixture): chief components silybin A, silybin B (mixture known as silibinin), isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin
Flavonoids
Fatty oil
EFFECTS: CARDUI MARIAE FRUCTUS
Silymarin acts as an antagonist in many experimental liver-damage models; in particular, death cap mushroom poisoning. The therapeutic activity of silymarin is based on two sites or mechanisms. |
Bill Sardi
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 However, one study showed a weaker effect for lignan alone than when given in combination with flaxseed oil or whole flaxseed. [International Journal Cancer 116: 793-98, 2005]
Researchers at the University of Toronto again attempted to determine exactly what it is in flaxseed that prevents tumors, this time colon tumors. In a study of rodents fed flaxseed, or defatted flaxseed, or flaxseed extract, there were four small adenomas and two polyps observed in rodents on a regular diet, but not in the flax-treated groups. |
| Flaxseed oil, 1 tablespoon per day (high lignan)
3. Fish oil, omega-3, cod liver source, with vitamins A & D
Soy and prostate cancer
Over 150 studies have been published involving soy and its effects on prostate cancer. Asians exhibit far lower rates of prostate cancer and consume 20 times more soy molecules (isoflavones) than men living in Western countries (20 mg versus 1 mg per day).
Many soy studies have looked into the effects that soy has on hormone levels, bone health, reproductiveness, blood sugar, relief of hot flashes, etc. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Because of the tannin and lignan content, local treatment of oral and pharyngeal mucous membrane inflammation seems reasonable. indications and usage
Approved by Commission E:
¦ Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine used internally as an antidiarrheal agent for enteritis, inflammation of female genital organs and urinary tract. It is used externally to strengthen gums and clean teeth.
Homeopathic Uses: Krameria triandra is used for bleeding mucous membranes and rectum pain. |
Andrew Pengelly
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 OH O silybin
The simple lignan nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) from chaparral Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae) is a potent antioxidant.
Schizandrins from Schisandra sinensis reverse destruction of liver cells by inducement of cytochrome P-450 (Huang 1993) while other lignans are antimicrobial, antiviral and antineoplastic. Many lignans, including those from flaxseed and stinging nettle root, are converted by intestinal bacteria to the active metabolites enterolactone and enterodiol, which are readily absorbed. |
Bill Sardi
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| Normalization of hormonal activity (fermented sources of soy: miso, tofu, flaxseed meal or lignan extracts, resveratrol).
Inhibition of blood clots so roaming tumor cells cannot stagnate and begin a new colony (allicin/garlic, vitamin E, omega-3 oil, resveratrol and nattokinase enzymes).
Natural killer cells
A particular type of white blood cell, called natural killer cells, inhibits micrometastases. Natural killer cells are a type of white blood cell that contains enzymes that can kill tumor cells or germ cells. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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 Because of this bacterial conversion, lignan concentrations in urine or plasma in response to a similar dietary dose vary significantly among individuals. In addition, nondietary factors (e.g., use of oral antibiotics) reduce enterolactone and enterodiol production [32].
As another example, the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids is in part determined by the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid composition of the diet. |
Bill Sardi
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| Flaxseed meal provides a unique concentrated source of omega-3 oils, iron binders (IP6 phytate) and lignan as an estrogen-controlling agent. Flaxseed does not have any of the drawbacks of Tamoxifen or pharmaceutical aromatase inhibitors and is inexpensive.
In two other laboratory experiments where mammary tumors were induced in rats by feeding them corn or sesame oil, the provision of purified IP6 phytic acid extracted from rice bran reduced the number and size of breast tumors. |
Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson
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 North American Indians, and some preparations still exist which contain podophyllin, which is an ethanolic extraction of the resin rich in podophyllotoxin. This lignan is a dimer of two 9-carbon (C6-C3) units and is polycyclic (possessing more than one ring). This natural product has a five-membered lactone ring or cyclic ester and there are many examples of these types of lignans possessing this functional group.
Much work has been done on the podophyllotoxin (aryltetralin) class of lignans, the major active cytotoxic principle, podophyllotoxin, being isolated in the 1940s. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Urinary lignan and isoflavo-noid excretion in men and women consuming vegetable and soy diets. Nutr. Cancer 24, 1-12.
32. Kilkkinen, A., Pietinen, P., Klaukka, T., Virtamo, J., Korhonen, P., and Adlercreutz, H. (2002). Use of oral antimicrobials decreases serum enterolactone concentrations. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155, 472-477.
33. Meydani, S. N., Endres, S., Woods, M. M., Goldin, B. R., Soo, C, Morrill-Labrode, A., Dinarello, C. A., and Gorbach, S. L. (1991). Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. |
Bill Sardi
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| The superiority of lignan compounds was recently demonstrated in a laboratory test which revealed their ability to inhibit DNA mutation and to chelate iron. [Free Radical Research 31: 149-60, 1999]
While whole grains and flaxseed are rich in IP6 phytate, this natural grain and seed component may only serve to help prevent rather than treat existing tumors. In laboratory experiments where breast tumors were chemically induced, IP6 phytic acid in bran cereal was not nearly as effective at inhibition of tumor growth or the quantity of tumors as was purified IP6 extracted from rice bran. |
Dianne Onstad
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 Like most nuts and seeds, sesame contains lignans; sesamin, a lignan that exists exclusively and abundantly in sesame, has demonstrated remarkable antioxidant effects and has been put to good use in stabilizing sesame products. In studies with rats, sesamin has been shown to inhibit the absorption of cholesterol from the diet and to inhibit the manufacture of cholesterol in the liver.
BYPRODUCTS
Black sesame butter is sesame butter made from black sesame seeds, which have a richly intense sesame flavor. |
Leslie Taylor, ND
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 The lignan dimethyl-cedrusine was isolated by scientists in 1993 and was shown to play a central role in sangre de grado's effective wound-healing action.7 This Belgian study revealed that the crude resin stimulated contraction of wounds, helped in the formation of a crust/scab at the wound site, regenerated skin more rapidly, and assisted in the formation of new collagen. This was the study to which Dr. |
Joseph E. Mario
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 Cod liveroil; and fresh cold-pressed high lignan Flaxseed oil reputedly may cure. TaketheMinerals: Indium; 50 mg. Zinc; Magnesium; SulfurinGarlicandOnions (orointment); and pancreatic Enzymes.
The Mineral Salts: Sodium Sulfate (6x), Sodium Chloride (12x). Silica (30x). Iron Phosphate (12x), Potassium Chloride (12x) four times daily for 30 days; then 5 tabs Sodium Chloride (12x) twice daily for 2 months. Interleukin-2 Therapy (Seragen Inc., Hopkinton, Mass.).
60 grams Shark Cartilage daily is effective; and Shark Cartilage in petroleumjelly or cream. Formic acid (ant stings). 1-2 tbs. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| The lignan in sesame seeds called ses-amin has displayed amazing antioxidant abilities. It has been shown in research that it inhibits the manufacturing of cholesterol in the liver of rats as well as reduces cholesterol absorption from the diet. This preliminary research states that sesamin may offer considerable ability to lower total blood cholesterol levels.
The ability of sesame seeds to relieve constipation and to remove worms from the intestinal tract is also well known. These little seeds aid digestion, stimulate blood circulation, and benefit the nervous system. |
Andrew Pengelly
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| Resin acids Resinotanninols
Diterpenoid acids Complex alcohols
Myrrh—Commiphora molmol
Asaresinatannols—Ferula assa-foetida
Clycoresins
Sugars, resin acids
Podophyllin—Podophyllum peltatum Jalap—Exogonium purga lignans podophyllotoxin 20%; a and B peltatin 15%—purgative principle; and lignan glycosides (lost during preparation of resins).
Podophyllin powder has a peculiar bitter taste and is highly irritating to mucous membranes, especially of the eyes. Its caustic nature is utilised in the form of topical applications for warts and condylomas. |
Mark Blumenthal
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 Quantitation of the lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside in Baked Goods Containing Flax Seed or Flax Meal. / Agric Food Chem 2000;48:4048-4052.
Nesbitt P, Thompson L. Lignans in homemade and commercial products containing flaxseed. Nutr Cancer 1997;29(3):222-7. Nestel P, Pomeroy S, Sasahara T, et al. Arterial compliance in obese subjects is improved with dietary plant n-3 fatty acid from flaxseed oil despite increased LDL oxidizability. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1997,T7(6): 1163-70. Nordstrom D, Honkanen V, Nasu Y, et al. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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 Some lignans are potential phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and the cardiotonic action of misdetoe (Viscum album) can probably be attributed to lignan content.
Cholesterol- and Lipid-Lowering Activity-High serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (a condition known as hyperlipidemia) are important risk factors in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Cholesterol is an essential component of cell membranes and a metabolic intermediate in the synthesis of steroid hormones and bile salts. |
Kevin Trudeau
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 High lignan Flaxseed oil www.barleans.com (360) 384-0485
Raw virgin coconut butter www.nutiva.com (800) 893-4367
Wilderness Family Naturals www.wildernessfamilynaturals.com (866) 936-6457
Wide selection of quality oils Flora www.florahealth.com (800)446-2110
Extra Virgin Olive Oil
Buy in dark bottle, from your local health food store.
10. Do not eat homogenized and pasteurized dairy products.
Why Real Milk? www.realmilk.com
Weston A. Price Foundation www.westonaprice.org (202) 363-4394
BGH Bulletin www.foxbghsuit.com
Organic Pastures Dairy Company www.organicpastures. |
Kaayla T. Daniel, PhD, CCN
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 After analyzing data on isoflavone and lignan intake, and adjusting for known breast cancer risk factors and other variables, the team found no significant trends between breast cancer risk and dietary phytoestrogens.4344 This spurred Regina G. Ziegler, Ph.D., a nutritional epidemiologist at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, MD, to speak out against the soyfood fad. |
Robyn Landis
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 Flaxseed—Lignans are antioxidant polyphenols, and flaxseed contains lignan precursors. Lignans may help prevent some estrogen-related cancers by binding to estrogen receptors in breast tissue and interfering with estrogen's cancer-promoting activity there. Flaxseed is also a good source of healthful omega-3 fatty acids. (The seeds can be used ground up and sprinkled on food, or the oil can be used. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
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 The best source of lignan, by far, is flaxseed (page 517) (not flaxseed oil, regardless of packaging claims to the contrary).
Fiber has been used in connection with the following conditions (refer to the individual health concern for complete information):
Rating Health Concerns
*** Constipation (page 137) Diabetes (page 152) Diverticular disease (page 168) High cholesterol (page 223)
•kirt? |
| Each of these components may contribute to the health effects of eating flaxseed, but flaxseed oil contains no fiber and very little lignan.
Like most vegetable oils, flaxseed oil contains linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid needed for survival. But unlike most oils, it also contains significant amounts of another essential fatty acid, alpha linolenic acid (ALA).
ALA is an omega-3 fatty acid. To a limited extent, the body turns ALA into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)— an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish oil (page 514)— which in turn converts to beneficial prostaglandins. |
| Lignan is not an essential nutrient, so deficiencies are not possible. per day, accompanied by a full glass of water. When used to treat other health conditions, it is used in amounts of 30 to 35 grams (1 to 2 ounces) per day.
Although it is not suitable for cooking, flaxseed oil (unlike fish oil [page 514]) can be used in salads. Some doctors recommend that people use 1 tablespoon (15 ml) of flaxseed oil per day as a supplement in salads or on vegetables to ensure a supply of essential fatty acids. |
| Active constituents
The major lignan in chaparral, known as nordihy-droguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a potent antioxidant and was thought by some scientists to be a potential cancer treatment. In a rat study, NDGA and a leaf exttact of a South American subspecies of chaparral were found to exert an antitumor effect.4 However, one report suggests that NDGA may stimulate further growth of tumors in cancer patients.5 Clinical trials, therefore, are still needed to establish whether chaparral is a safe and effective treatment for people with cancer. |
Bill Sardi
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| Journal Nutrition 132:3036-41, 2002]
Animal studies
Animal studies using flaxseed have produced remarkable outcomes.
One approach to cancer prevention is to determine which foods prevent genetic damage, which is an indication of a predisposition to cancer. Researchers are York University in Toronto, Canada, set out to do just that. They measured chromosome fragments that are not incorporated into the nucleus at cell division, called micronuclei, and other markers of genetic instability, in rodents. |
Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.
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 It also contains a substance called lignan, which inhibits breast and prostate cancer.
One test of non-diabetics demonstrated that taking fifty grams of water plus flaxseed mucilage reduced by 27 percent normally elevated blood sugar levels following a high-glucose meal.422 Fenugreek seed, which contains about 50 percent fiber, is another good source of soluble fiber. Similar tests in diabetic patients have found a significant reduction in blood glucose levels.423 Another advantage of increasing fiber intake to control diabetes is that it significantly reduces cell glycation. |
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