Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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 One cup of black tea contains about 268 milligrams of flavonoids. One cup of green tea contains 316, but only half that amount if it's decaffeinated. You can significantly increase this amount by squeezing the bag after steeping for three to four minutes. Herbal-tea infusions are not a significant source of polyphenols.
Which tea is best? While it used to be thought that green tea was the standout in promoting health, we now know that both green and black tea have similar, distinct and, in some cases overlapping biochemical, physiological, and epidemiological effects. |
Sheldon Saul Hendler
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 For starters, let's look at the abstract of a review article in a 1984 edition of the journal Trends in Pharmacological Sciences: "Naturally occurring flavonoids have potent anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activity. Since they are common dietary constituents the question arises: are they natural biological response modifiers?" Given the bizarre history of the bioflavonoids this latest about-face should probably not surprise us. What, in fact, happened was that despite all the controversy surrounding these substances, there were a few scientists who continued to study them. |
Bill Gottlieb
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 While American scientists have yet to study the flavonoids in detail, European researchers have begun to investigate the health benefits of these pigments. A five-year Dutch study of 805 elderly men found that those who regularly consumed fruits and vegetables high in flavonoids were less likely to die of heart disease than those whose intakes were lower, regardless of their intakes of other nutrients.
Raw fruits and vegetables are also rich in enzymes, substances produced in plant tissue that kick off the many chemical reactions necessary for human digestion. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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 Vanillin
Benzofurans
The benzofuran nucleus (C6-C2), in which a benzene ring and a furan ring are fused, is present in many secondary plant metabolites, some of which are classified as coumarins and flavonoids.
Fig. 7.8. Benzofuran nucleus
The simple benzofurans, such as usnic acid, have two benzene rings fused on either side of a central furan ring. They are characteristically present in lichens. A biological property many benzofurans share is antifungal activity. |
Amarjit S. Basra
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 PAF]) and antioxidant effects of the ginkgolides and biloba-lide. Two recent studies specifically aimed at patients displaying characteristic symptoms of AD have shown some beneficial effects, although a recently published study in healthy volunteers showed no significant improvements in the group administered ginkgo extract.6
Sage
Sage species, Salvia officinalis L. and S. lavandulaefolia Vahl, are traditional herbal plants that have attracted recent interest. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century herbals mentioned the reputation of sage as being good for the memory. |
Leo Galland
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 Preliminary research indicates that soy flavonoids can block the estrogenic effects of dioxin.
Milk thistle, Silybum marianum, is an herbal folk remedy for treating liver diseases. Its active ingredients are a group of bioflavonoids col-
Strengthened By protein, spicy food nutrient-dense diet, Saccharomyces boulardii fiber, spicy food soluble fiber, FOS, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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| This important subclass of flavonoids also promotes vasodilation and has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, an aspirinlike effect on blood clot formation.
Berries, especially cranberries, are a rich source of the flavonoid quercetin, which has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory properties. |
| Citrus flavonoids have been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth, strengthen capillaries, act as anti-inflammatories, and they are antiallergenic and antimicrobial. Flavonoid intake is inversely associated with the incidence of heart attack and stroke as well as a host of other ailments.
Rutin, a flavonoid found in citrus (and black currants), has an antiinflammatory effect, possesses antiviral activity, and helps protect capillaries from age-related "breakdown."
ORANGES AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH
We are certain that an orange a day promotes cardiovascular health. |
volker schulz and Rudolf Hansel
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 For example, the ginkgo flavonoids (mostly rutin derivatives) are efficient free-radical scavengers We know from experimental studies in animals and humans that rutin raises the threshold for the seepage of blood from capillary vessels, an effect generally described as decreased capillary fragility.
The ginkgolides inhibit platelet activating factor (PAF). A bioregulator synthesized in mammalian cell membranes in response to various stimuli, PAF mediates various physiologic responses and, when excessive, can initiate pathophysiologic processes. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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| While research on dementia and the consumption of tea has not been completed, we do know that people with the highest intake of flavonoids seem to have the lowest risk for developing dementia.
TEA AND HEART HEALTH
There is solid evidence that tea consumption is associated with a lowered risk of heart disease and stroke. The connection was noticed when the arteries of Chinese-American tea drinkers were compared with the arteries of Caucasian coffee drinkers. |
Dianne Onstad
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 Phenolic compounds, found in fruits, vegetables, and black or green tea, have antitumot and anticancer values. flavonoids, found in soy products and apples, also contain antioxidants and are key to healthy growth and development of cells.
Phytoestrogens Plant estrogens that seem to act as a key to unlock and potentiate existing estrogen within the body, eliminating or easing many of the symptoms of low estrogen.
Placebo A pill or compound that is similar in appearance to an agent being tested in a clinical trial but has no effect. |
Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D.
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 Unfortunately, much of the flavonoids in citrus fruits are found in the inner peel of the fruit, the bitter part many people discard. Try to use as much of the whole fruit as possible.
How to use it. Shikwasa yield a unique juice that is simultaneously sweet and tangy. Add a hint of honey to the juice if it's too tart for your taste. It's also terrific added to sauces and dressings and squeezed over foods as you would a lemon.
Where to find it. You might find shikwasa in Asian markets, but if you can't, substitute limes, lemons, or tangerines. |
Dianne Onstad
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| Bilberry's active ingredients, anthocyanosides, are antioxidant flavonoids that help prevent free-radical damage to the eyes. Anthocyanosides support and protect collagen structures in the blood vessels of the eyes, assuring strong, healthy capillaries that successfully carry vital nutrients to eye muscles and nerves. Additional research suggests that blueberries may protect against the development of cataracts and glaucoma; they may also be quite therapeutic in the treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and peptic ulcers. |
Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
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 The Flavonoids: Advances in Research Since
1980, vol. 2. London: Chapman and Hall. 900 pp. Harborne, J.B. 1994. Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry, 4th edition. London: Academic Press. 400 pp. Harborne, J.B., T.J. Mabry, and H. Mabry. 1975. The flavonoids.
Vols. 1 and 2. London: Chapman and Hall. 1204 pp. Hart, R.W., and A. Turturro. 1995. Dietary restriction: An update.
Pp. 1-12 in Dietary Restriction: Implications for the Design and
Interpretation of Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies. R.W. Hart, D.A. Neumann, and R.T. Robertson, eds. Washington, DC: ILSI Press.
Haseman, J.K. |
Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D.
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| It is extremely high in cancer-fighting flavonoids and the closest in texture to its Okinawan cousin. You can find it in most supermarkets.
MISO SOUP
Miso is a soybean paste that has been a mainstay of Japanese cooking for hundreds of years. It has myriad uses, but the quintessential miso dish is traditional Japanese miso soup. This most popular soup in Japan is included in most typical Japanese meals—usually served in delicate small lacquer bowls with lids. Miso is made by mixing cooked soybeans, salt, grains (usually barley or rice), and a starter (fermenting agent) called koji. |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
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 A severe deficiency of antioxidant vitamins, along with a low intake of folic acid and flavonoids, partially accounts for the high level of cardiovascular disease in Eastern Europe.
The traditional Eastern European diet consists of lots of animal fats and protein and very little in the way of fresh fruits and vegetables. This poor diet not only shortens lifespan, but also creates an epidemic of acute digestive disorders. |
| The most active of these compounds have been discovered to be the flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids. These substances belong to the polyphenol group and include chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (cynarin is one of them), luteolin, scolymoside, and cynaroside.
Cynarin was the first constituent of the extract to be isolated in 1934. Interestingly, it is found only in trace amounts of fresh leaves but is formed by natural chemical changes that take place during drying and extraction of the plant material. |
| Trauma involving massive bleeding may preclude the use of flavonoids, such as ginkgo that could accelerate hemorrhaging.
HOPS
See Valerian.
HYDERGINE
Liquid hydergine should be avoided in treating hemorrhagic stroke because of hydergine's high alcohol content.
>HTP
(5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN)
Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may occur at higher dosage levels. Avoid by increasing dose slowly.
1MITREX
Imitrex, a drug used to block migraine headaches, may have dangerous side effects in the middle-aged and the elderly. |
| Life Extension Mix, 3 tablets 3 times a day, for full-spectrum antioxidant protection, including flavonoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E.
2. Super GLA/DHA provides an optimal blend of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Six capsules daily provide 4000 mg of borage oil, yielding 920 mg of GLA, and 2000 mg of fish oil extract yielding 1000 mg of DHA and 400 mg of EPA. Another way of obtaining fish oil concentrate is a product called Mega EPA, which contains 400 mg of EPA and 300 mg of DHA in 1 softgel. Flax or perilla seed oil is recommended for patients allergic to or intolerant of fish oil.
3. |
| Some of the known natutal compounds that can reduce insulin resistance include omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, flavonoids, selenium, and vitamin E.
As discussed earlier in the protocol, estrogen is a growth factor for most breast cancers. High-fat diets and associated increases in fat tissue can inctease estrogen availability in a number of ways:
• Fat tissue is a major source of estrogen production in postmenopausal women. Thetefore, thete is an association between high body weight and decreased survival in breast cancer patients. |
Linda B. White, M.D.
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 Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
The fruit of this bush is a rich source of the bluish pigments called antho-cyanidins and proanthocyanidins, two of the many types of flavonoids. flavonoids are well-known for their beneficial effects on capillaries. Since one of the main complications of long-term diabetes is damage to the small blood vessels of the eyes, the kidneys, and the tips of the toes and fingers, bilberry and other proanthocyanidin-containing herbs are often recommended for diabetes. |
Dian Dincin Buchman, Ph.D.
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 Vitamin C helps to repair damage and restore collagen and should be used along with vitamin E, and such flavonoids as quercetin and the citrus bioflavonoids, which shorten injury-recovery time. In addition, use zinc to encourage tissue repair. The herb St. John's wort is an ancient wound aid that came into prominence during the Crusades. Clinical studies show it has strong anti-inflammatory action when taken internally, one capsule a day. |
Linda B. White, M.D.
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| Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
The fruit of this bush is a rich source of the bluish pigments called antho-cyanidins and proanthocyanidins, two of the many types of flavonoids. flavonoids are well-known for their beneficial effects on capillaries. Since one of the main complications of long-term diabetes is damage to the small blood vessels of the eyes, the kidneys, and the tips of the toes and fingers, bilberry and other proanthocyanidin-containing herbs are often recommended for diabetes. |
Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D.
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| The answer may be the flavonoids in wine or the ability of alcohol to raise good cho-
Just the Facts
• It's not necessary to cut out either sweets or alcohol—just partake wisely.
• Alcohol is a heavyweight (CD 7.0—most distilled alcohols are CD 2.4-2.7), so moderation is advised.
• Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with longer life expectancy.
• More than 1 drink per day for women, 2 drinks per day for men, may increase risk for cardiovascular disease or cancer. lesterol levels. So are we telling you to reach for your wineglass? Yes and no. The keyword, once again, is moderation. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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| The average diet in the United Kingdom and the United States may contain up to 1 gram of mixed flavonoids per day, far exceeding the content of vitamin E, a monophenolic antioxidant, and of p-carotene. Chemically, they are typical phenolics that act as potent metal chelators, free radical scavengers, and powerful antioxidants. |
Ruth Winter, M.S.
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 FLAVONOIDS • flavonoids are a large group of compounds widely distributed throughout nature. They include quercetin, present in onion skins, and anthocyanins, the major commercially used group.
FLAVOR ENHANCERS • One of the newest and fastest growing categories of additives; potentiators, which enhance the total seasoning effect generally without contributing any taste or odor of their own. They are effective in minute doses— in parts per million or even less. A potentiator produces no identifiable effect itself but exaggerates one's response. |
Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D.
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| Red wine contains flavonoids that act as antioxidants in the body and help to protect the heart, and possibly do much more than that. A recent study by a colleague of ours at Harvard showed that resveratrol, a flavonoid found in red wine, turned on the same biological switch thought to be in part responsible for the age-slowing effects of caloric restriction.96'97 It is not advised that you start drinking to be healthy, but if you already drink, red wine is a comparatively healthy choice.
AND, FINALLY, SWEETS
Most of us crave sweets to some degree—some more than others. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
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| As discussed in chapter 7, flavonoids consist of structurally similar compounds that differ only in the degree of ring substitution, the type of substitution, and the type and degree of glycosylation.
Phagocytic white blood cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages, all generate ROS. Radical production by phagocytes is an important part of their bactericidal and antitumor functions, as phagocytosis is accompanied by an increase in oxygen consumption (called the respiratory burst) with an attendant production of oxygen ions. |
| For example, some flavonoids show activity in vitro because they generate chelate complexes within the active center of ACE.112 It is also important to remember that a negative screen for ACE-inhibitory action does not mean that the plant species will not work as an antihypertensive drug, as compounds that influence other hypotensive mechanisms could well be present.
Inhibition ofcAMP Phosphodiesterase
Another approach to finding new antihypertensive agents looks for substances that inhibit levels of intracellular cAMP. |
Bryan Hanson, PhD
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 Citrus species. They are used for the treatment of poor venous circulation in the legs which leads to swelling (technically, chronic functional venous insufficiency). Hesperetin is the aglycone of hesperidin. The sugar is rutinose, so you could refer to hesperidin generically as a rutinoside, meaning a glycoside formed from rutinose.19 Other examples of glycosides can be found in this chapter and are noted where they occur. (Careful study by those of you hoping for consistency will reveal just how inconsistent the name endings are. |
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