| The main constituents, saponins, essential oil and flavones, as well as the tannins, are most likely responsible for the effect. indications and usage
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, preparations of German Sarsaparilla are used for the prevention of gout, rheumatism, inflammation of the joints, for skin ailments, and as a diaphoretic and diuretic; further, for venereal disease, flatulence, colic, liver disorders, diabetes, edema, lung tuberculosis, and amenorrhea. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts |  Padma 28 has pharmacological agents flavones, Coumarins, Silicon compounds, and otheractive constituents; helps to naturally bypass obstructed arteries and increase Oxygen supply to such areas.
Range: Take one tablet per day the first week; two a day the second week; three the third week; and four per day the forth week; thereafter, two tablets twice a day a half hour before, or one hour after meals (on an empty stomach). Conditions often improve in 3-6 weeks. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts |  Flavones and Flavonols. flavones and flavonols are the most widely occurring flavonoids. Although several hundred flavonol aglycones are known, only quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin are widely distributed.5 The other known flavonols are structural variants on these three and occur in limited distribution. More than 135 different glycosides of quercetin have been isolated, the most common of which is rutin, a flavonol that has been used to treat capillary fragility. flavones also occur as glycosides, but in a more limited fashion than flavonols. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts | | The leaf has dispersing agent Limonene (also in lemon, orange, caraway, dill, and bergamot); Dipentine; A-Terpineol (strong antiseptic, modifies fat molecules), B-, and Y-Terpineols (also in cardamon, marjoram, petitgrain, long leaf pine, and cajeput oils); Flavones; and Tannin. Wildwood sanitarium for dysentery, bronchitis, hemorrhoids, and rheumatism. |
Schuyler W. Lininger, Jr. DC
See book keywords and concepts |  The leaves also contain flavones, isoflavones, sterols, and coumarin derivatives. The isoflavones are probably responsible for the estrogen-like effects in animals.5 Although this has not been confirmed with human trials, it is used popularly to treat menopause symptoms (p. 118). Alfalfa contains protein and vitamins A (p. 336), Bj (p. 337), B6 (p. 340), C (p. 341), E (p. 344), and K (p. 345). Nutrient analysis demonstrates the presence of calcium (p. 277), potassium (p. 323), iron (p. 304), and zinc (p. 346).
How Much Is Usually Taken? |
Erich Grotewold
See book keywords and concepts |  Each group of flavonoid compounds serves specific functions to the plant, under particular developmental or biotic/abiotic conditions. Thus, each branch of the pathway is under separate control, ensuring that the appropriate compounds are produced when and where required.
97
Figure 4.1 (A-D) Maize kernels showingphlobaphenes andanthocyanins. (A) Accumulation ofphlobaphenes in the pericarp under the control of the unstable Pl-vv allele and anthocyanins in the aleurone under CI and the unstable R-m3 allele. (B) Pl-vv with phlobaphenes in the pericarp. |
Leslie Taylor, ND
See book keywords and concepts |  The main chemicals in this vine include coumarin, essential oils, flavonols, flavones, kaurenoic acid diterpenes, resins, saponins, and tannins.
This particular species of Mikania was described by a Brazilian researcher at the University of Sao Paulo in the early 1970s.4-5 In the mid-eighties, other Brazilian researchers documented that an extract of cipo cabeludo had powerful molluscicidal effects (a lethal effect against adult snails) at only 10 ppm concentration. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
See book keywords and concepts |  There are many different bioflavonoids, including citrin, eriodictyol, flavones, hesperetin, hesperidin, quercetin, quercetrin, and rutin. The human body cannot produce bioflavonoids, so they must be supplied in the diet.
Bioflavonoids are used extensively in the treatment of athletic injuries because they relieve pain, bumps, and bruises. They also reduce pain located in the legs or across the back, and lessen symptoms associated with prolonged bleeding and low serum calcium. Bioflavonoids act syner-gistically with vitamin C to protect and preserve the structure of capillaries. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts | | Has Vitamin A, high Vitamin C, Bioflavonoids, flavones, and Citrines; Calcium, Phosphorus, Zinc, and Chromium; Protein; and heart hormones. More nutrient-dense per calorie than most vegetables. •Paprika Pepper (Capsicum annuum). Hungarian, a mild, sweet pepper; has 1 or under BTU-rating; high in Potassium. •Hot Red Cayenne Pepper SEE Cayenne in Chapter Five Herbs.. •Wild Chile Peppers Respected by Southwest Amerinds for relief of acid indigestion; sore throat, swollen glands, dysentery, tumors; rheumatism, and arthritis (salves). |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Besides the volatile oil, the peel contains flavones, the alkaloids synephrine, octopamine, and N-methyltyramine, and carotenoids.8'9
How much is usually taken?
Usually 1 to 2 grams of dried peel is simmered for 10 to 15 minutes in a cup of water; three cups are drunk daily. As a tincture, 2 to 3 ml (with a weight-to-volume ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:5) is often recommended
Common names: Dewberry, European blackberry Botanical name: Rubus fructicosus
Parts used and where grown
Blackberries grow in wet areas across the United States and Europe. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts | | Beets have Vitamins A Alpha-Carotene, Beta-Carotenes Betagarin, Betanidin, Betanin, Betavulgarin, and Cryptoxanthin; B-Complex, B1, B2, B3, B-12 B6, Pantothenic, Folic acid; Vitamin C, and 4 flavones. High in sugar; with high Calcium (9 mg. in 2 tbs.) and low Sodium (46 mg.) dissolves Calcium deposits; Iron (160 meg., counters anemia, one of the best for building Red blood corpuscles); 20%Potassium (250mg.); Magnesium(19mg.); Phosphorus(14mg.); 140mcg. Zinc; 110 meg. Manganese, 40 meg. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 1Michael T. Murray, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | They are not as ubiquitous in nature as some of the other flavonoids, such as flavones and flavonols, being found primarily in one subfamily of Leguminosae, the Papilionoideae.2 Approximately 600 isoflavonoids have been identified. They are divided into subclasses depending on the oxidation level of the central pyran ring. Isoflavones are the most abundant of the subclasses of isoflavonoids. Genistein and daidzein are two important isoflavones in soy. As can be seen in Figure 112. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts | | There are four groups of Flavonoids - brightly-colored Flavanones, Flavonals, flavones and Chalcones; including violet, red or blue Anthocyanosides, and Proanthocyanidins (in Grape seeds and Pine bark) which are found associated with Vitamin C for antioxidant protection in plants against wind, rain, temperature, and ultraviolet sunlight. The Bioflavonoids reduce circulating lipids, for cardiovascular health (Tannic acid); Quercetin, Morin, and Fisetin inhibit oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins. |
Leslie Taylor, ND
See book keywords and concepts | | Initial screening has revealed it to contain steroids, saponins, phenols, flavonols, flavones, tannins, xanthones, and alkaloids. The anti-inflammatory properties of iporuru are attributed to a group of alkaloids, including one called alchorneine, which are found in the bark of iporuru as well as several other species of Alchornea}
Likewise, there has been little clinical research on iporuru—despite its long history of use in South American herbal medicine. That which has been done, however, does help explain some of its traditional uses. | | The main plant chemicals found in macela include achyrocline polysaccharides, achyrofuran, auricepyrone, cadinene, caffeic acid, callerianin, calleryanin, caryatin, caryophyllene, chlorogenic acid, cineol, flavones, galangin, germa-crene D, gnaphaliin, italidipyrone, lauricepyrone, luteolin, ocimene, pinene, pyrone, quercetagetin, quercetin, scoparol, scoparone, and tamarixetin.
Macela has been the subject of western research, and many of its long-time uses in herbal medicine have been validated by scientists. | | Tayuya is rich in flavones, glucosides, and cucurbitacin triterpenes. Almost every species in the huge Cucurbitaceae family is documented to contain cucurbitacin compounds—many of which evidence biological activity (and, often, the plant's medicinal activity is attributed to these chemicals). Novel cucur-bitacins have been discovered in tayuya and named cayaponosides (twenty-four distinct cayaponosides have been discovered thus far). | | The main plant chemicals in erva tostao include alanine, arachidic acid, aspartic acid, behenic acid, boeravinone A through F, boerhaavic acid, borha-vine, borhavone, campesterol, daucosterol, ecdysone, flavones, galactose, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, hentriacontane, heptadecyclic acid, histidine, hypoxanthine, liriodendrin, oleaic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, proline, punarnavine, serine, sitosterols, stearic acid, stigmasterol, syringaresinol, threonine, triacontan, ursolic acid, and valine. |
Joseph E. Mario
See book keywords and concepts | | Procyanidol oligomers are 85% flavones Oligo Proanthocyanidins, the smaller condensed flavan-3-ol polymers Catechin and Epicatechin, Taxifolin, and larger condensed flavan-3-oligomer Tannins series-Aand -B; and 7% organic acids Caffeic, Cinnamic, Fumaric, Vanillic, Gal lie, and Ferulic acids. Claimed the most potent antioxidant yet discovered, 50-200 times better than Vitamin E, and 20 times stronger than Vitamin C at counteracting oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxides and lipid peroxides; recycles Vitamin C and improves its cell entry, and recycling of Vitamin E. |
Mark Blumenthal
See book keywords and concepts |  Standardized dry ginkgo extract contains 22-27% ginkgo flavonol glycosides (based on flavones like quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) and 5-7% terpene lactones of which 2.9% is bilobalide and 3.1% the ginkgolides A, B, and C (Kleijnen and Knipshild, 1992). The relative amounts of the various flavonoids or the ginkgolide and bilobalide components of the terpenoids may vary across different commercial preparations (Sticher, 1993). | | Struck D, Tegtmeier M, Harnischfeger G. flavones in extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa.
Planta Med 1997;63(3):289. United States Congress (USC). Public Law 103-417: Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act of 1994. Washington, DC: 103rd Congress of the United States;
1994.
USC. See: United States Congress.
Vorberg G. Therapy of climacteric complaints. Z Allgemeinmed 1984; 60:626-9. Warnecke G. Influencing menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent.
Successful therapy with Cimicifuga mono-extract. Med Welt 1985;36(2):871—4. WHO. See: World Health Organization. | | C-glycoside flavones), mainly hyperoside (Hansel et al, 1992-94). A small amount of quercetin derivatives and rutin are also present (Rohr, 1999).
Pharmacological Actions
Hawthorn leaf with flower Human
The Commission E reported that in cases of cardiac insufficiency classified as NYHA Stage II, hawthorn leaf with flower improves subjective findings, increases cardiac work tolerance, decreases pressure/heart rate product, increases the ejection fraction, and raises the anaerobic threshold (Blumenthal et al, 1998). |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
See book keywords and concepts |  This type of classification groups plants according to their content of chemical constituents, such as saponins, alkaloids, or flavones. The many limitations of such an approach stem from the tendency of some scientists to perceive plants merely as organic drug sources.
Biogenetic. This approach categorizes plants by genetic taxonomy and evolutionary relationships among plant biochemicals. Other than academic, this categorization is of little value to the phytotherapist.
Geographical. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts | | One group of flavanol dimers and oligomers are termed proanthocyanidins, and are discussed below in item 5.
3) flavones and Flavonols. flavones and flavonols are the most widely occurring flavonoids. Although several hundred flavonol aglycones are known, only quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin are widely distributed.5 The other known flavonols are structural variants on these three and occur in limited distribution. More than 135 different glycosides of quercetin have been isolated, the most common of which is rutin, a flavonol that has been used to treat capillary fragility. |
Mark Blumenthal
See book keywords and concepts | | Apigenin may be an anti-inflammatory constituent (Hadley and Petry, 1999), due to the water-soluble and lipophilic components. The flavones block the arachidonic acid pathway by inhibiting phospholipase A, cyclo-oxygenase, and lipoxygenase pathways. The volatile oil components, chamazulene and a-bisabolol, have also demonstrated antiinflammatory action by interfering with 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase production (Carle and Gomaa, 1991,92). |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
See book keywords and concepts | | From a biochemical perspective, saponins, flavones, and cardiac glycosides might all be grouped together in a single category—a situation guaranteed to confuse the nonspecialist. The important point for the practitioner to remember is that glycosides, because of their sugar component, are more easily absorbable, and thus the aglycone is more readily bioavail-able. This increased bioavailability appears to be the reason that so many diverse molecules naturally occur as glycosides.
A number of ways have been developed to categorize glycosides, each of which reflects different interests. |
John Boik
See book keywords and concepts | | More than 135 different glycosides of quercetin have been isolated, the most common of which is rutin, a flavonol that has been used to treat capillary fragility. flavones also occur as glycosides, but in a more limited fashion than flavonols. Baicalin, such as found in Scutellaria baicalensis (huang qin), is a common flavone 0-glycoside used in Chinese medicine.
4) Isoflavonoids. Isoflavonoids are found mostly in the Leguminosae family (legumes), and can be divided into isoflavones, isoflavanones, pterocarpans, isoflavans, and rotenoids. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
See book keywords and concepts | | Minor Flavonoids
Harborne and Baxter use the term minor flavonoid to describe flavonoids that have a limited distribution (as opposed to the more widespread anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols) and a central pyran ring at a higher level of oxidation.
• Flavanones
• Dihydrochalcones
• Dihydroflavonols (flavan-3-ols)
• Flavan-3,4-diols
The best-known minor flavonoids are the flavanones and the flavanon-3-ols or dihydroflavonols.
Flavanones
Two flavanones, naringenin and eriodictyol, are relatively common. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts | | Quercetin is a flavonol found in many foods. One of the best dietary sources is onions. Besides serving as an antioxidant, quercetin helps reduce the effects of inflammation and promotes activity of hormones such as insulin. Quercetin is a popular flavonoid supplement often used in the treatment of allergies.
• Citrus bioflavonoids, formed by two flavonoids joined together, are found in oranges, limes, lemons, and grapefruit. Besides providing antioxidant activity, they appear to improve blood circulation and increase the integrity of capillaries. |
David Hoffman, FNIMH, AHG
See book keywords and concepts | | Among the flavones with isoprene substitution, the linkage is generally observed at the C-6 and/or C-8 position of the flavone. About 100 flavone and flavonol sulfates and some flavone alkaloids have also been reported.
Kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone)
Kaempferol is very widespread, both free and in glycosides. ho
Fig. 7.46. Kaempferol
Consider table 7.6, which lists commonly used plants that are sources of kaempferol.
Table 7.6. | | The constituents of hawthorn highlight the importance of flavones and flavonoids in the healing impact of herbs on the cardiovascular system.
As hawthorn is one of the more aesthetic herbal remedies, a very pleasant tea may be made by infusing 1 to 2 teaspoons of the dried herb in a cup of hot water. This should be drunk regularly. Tincture is a convenient and effective way of gaining the therapeutic benefits of this special remedy. For best effects, 30 to 40 drops should be taken three times daily, then morning and evening as a long-term maintenance dose. |
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